Residual solvents and scavengers: what is looked for — what changed since

Aggregates: multiples of the monomer mass. May not elute at all under a standard reversed-phase method. A species that does not come off the column does not appear in the area percentage.

Deamidation at asparagine and glutamine: adds 1 approximately. Frequently appears as a close-eluting pair. It is a chemical modification that occurs during storage.

post #16 answers the question as asked. The question underneath it is different.

For anyone arriving from a search: the marked solution above is the direct answer, and the replies underneath it add the caveats that make it safe to use.

On post #14 — agreed on the reasoning, with one qualification.

Aggregates: multiples of the monomer mass. May not elute at all under a standard reversed-phase method. A species that does not come off the column does not appear in the area percentage.

Two things before anyone answers the substance.

First, the context in the first post is clear and specific. Second, the question is framed so that an answer can actually address it. Both are the norm here and both matter more than they sound.

Incomplete deprotection: mass higher by the protecting group mass. Usually markedly later eluting. A synthesis artifact from incomplete removal of protecting groups.

I disagree with the reply above, and I think the disagreement is substantive rather than terminological.

The distinction being drawn does not survive when you look at the published data for this specific question. I would be glad to be shown wrong on this, because the version I am arguing against is more convenient.

Worth separating two things that post #19 runs together.

Acetate content: counter-ion content. Trifluoroacetate or acetate from the salt form of the peptide. Affects mass calculations and should be stated on a complete certificate.

Related substances: compounds chemically related to the target peptide but not the target peptide itself. The standard method separates them and reports them as area percent. How related they can be before they exceed specification is a regulatory question.

Practical note that does not fit anywhere else. Whatever you conclude from this topic, write down what you did and when. The single most useful thing in your own records is not any individual result; it is that they are dated and consecutive.

Dimer and higher-order multimers: two or more peptide molecules bonded together. They appear at double the mass and higher. They may or may not separate from the monomer on HPLC depending on the method.

On post #23 — agreed on the reasoning, with one qualification.

Deletion sequences (incomplete coupling during synthesis): lower in mass by one residue. Chromatographically they usually elute earlier or later depending on the residue's hydrophobicity. They are the most common impurity in solid-phase synthesis.

post #27 answers the question as asked. The question underneath it is different.

Off-target structures: if the sequence synthesis goes wrong, a completely different amino acid can be incorporated. The resulting off-target peptide is a structural isomer with the same mass but a different sequence. No chromatographic purity method detects this without a reference standard.

I read post #27 twice before replying, because I had assumed the opposite.

Disulfide formation: if a peptide contains cysteine, it can form disulfide bonds with itself or with other molecules. Under oxidising conditions multiple species appear. Reducing conditions (like DTT) convert them back.

This follows post #27 rather than contradicting it.

Truncation products: fragments from incomplete synthesis or from degradation. They elute quite differently from the intact peptide because they are much smaller and have different hydrophobicity. They are usually well separated.